Gen. Benham, the leader of a new Assyrian Christian militia in northern Iraq, sits in the sparse barracks where his men train to defend their homelands from Islamic State. In August, the jihadi militants forced Benham from his home in the central Iraqi village of Hamdaniyah, 51 kilometers southeast of Mosul. "ISIS stole everything that I made, what my father made, what my grandfather made," Benham says. "They took all of this from me in one minute. I only came here with my shirt and trousers, my son and my daughter." Christian villages dotting the Nineveh plains fell to the Islamic State last summer when the Kurdish Peshmerga withdrew. More than 100,000 people fled from the jihadi group. Now, seven months later, many of the villages are still under Islamic State control. Assyrian Christians have little faith in the Peshmerga--although they're allies--and have decided to take the fight into their own hands, forming lightly armed bands of politically-aligned militias. The Nineveh Plain Protection Units, or NPU, of which Benham is a part, is one of the new Assyrian Christian militias. In the unit's temporary home near Kirkuk, more than 200 Assyrian Christian men are undergoing training in infantry skills, basic weapon handling and working as a unit--with help from former U.S. soldiers. Benham served for several decades in the Saddam-era Iraqi army, but most of his men have little or no fighting experience, and some have never even fired a rifle. Benham looks over his men in the training hall as they sat and chatted. The sky outside was full of dark, winter clouds, and the weather had turned the hard Iraqi soil into slush. The militia couldn't train in the bad weather, according to Atrha, an NPU fighter.

"Our uniforms come from donators--we only get one [set] each," Athra says. The fighters' guns are on loan from a Peshmerga base, and the militiamen also use the space to train. When their training comes to an end, the NPU will have to return the weapons to their owners. Donations from Assyrian Christians living abroad pay for the militia's uniforms and weapons. But commanders are trying to incorporate the NPU into a proposed Iraqi national guard. Under a new draft law, guard units would form at local levels, coming under the responsibility of provincial governments. But the plans stalled, and the Christian fighters are still waiting--and they're not sure who to ask for help. Benham looks stressed. "We have sent the papers to the central government, but we are waiting on their reply," he says. "I want to go to Baghdad and sort it out soon with someone from the ministry." There's not enough of money, weapons and uniforms--really, everything--that the militia needs to have a functioning unit. The Kurdistan Regional Government and the Iraqi government haven't provided any aid. Benham says that the militia could receive weapons and money from Baghdad--but that's only if the militia were part of a national guard.

Two other Christian militias have direct backing from other established Iraqi political factions. Dwekh Nawsha, a militia group of as many as 250 men, receives weapons, ammunition and money from the Kurdistan Democratic Party. Dwekh Nawsha also includes several British and American foreign volunteers who drum up publicity and funding though social media and interviews. Then there's the Nineveh Plains Force. Unlike the NPI, the NPF wants to work with the Peshmerga. The Kurdish military force provides weapons and training to the NPF. "The NPF was formed in cooperation with the Peshmerga ministry--it is the only formally recognized unit," says Romeo Hakari, the leader of the Bet-Nahrain Democratic Party, one of the two Assyrian Christian parties responsible for the NPF. But even so, the Kurdish withdrawal in August still leaves a bitter taste for Christians in Nineveh. "The Peshmerga left without telling anyone," Hakari says. "One hundred young Assyrian fighters are better than 1,000 Kurds, because it's not their own communities [the Peshmerga] are protecting." The political party behind the NPU--the Assyrian Democratic Movement--agrees. That's despite discord between the various Assyrian and Kurdish groups. For this reason, Youra wants his men to remain independent from Kurdish control. Youra is based in Al Qosh, an Assyrian Christian town 51 kilometers north of Mosul. The town touches the hills that rise up from the Nineveh plains. The seventh-century Rabban Hormizd monastery--where generations of Christian monks have prayed--overlooks the town. Al Qosh emptied out at the beginning of August when Islamic State pushed forward, and Kurdish troops retreated. The majority of residents left the area. Islamic State made it as far as Telskuf, 20 kilometers south. Some families returned three weeks later, and now most are back. But others fled for good, part of a wider trend of Christians fleeing Iraq. In 2003, Christians in Iraq numbered 1.5 million. About 500,000 remain today.

Although life has more or less returned to Al Qosh, this same isn't true for Telskuf. Islamic State held the town for 10 days, and most families are too afraid to return. The road to Telskuf is almost empty, and the only traffic is military. Lush, green and open fields flank both sides of the road. Uniformed NPU fighters armed with a mix of different Kalashnikov-type rifles brave a cold wind as they sit in the back of a huge pickup truck. Residents moving through the area have to stop at checkpoints guarded by Kurdish Asayesh intelligence agents and NPU fighters. Before letting people go on their way, the guards phone their commanders and ask for authorization. The town of Telskuf is quiet. Asayesh and Peshmerga cluster around a group of buildings being used by the KDP. Beyond this small area, Telskuf is completely deserted. "We do not want them back yet, as the front line is close," says Yalda, the Christian head of the KDP in Telskuf. "This is a military zone. We hope to let them back in a month to 45 days." Although a political officer, Yalda wears a Peshmerga uniform. Christian pictures dot the walls of his office along with a photograph of Kurdish Pres. Masoud Barzani. Yalda explains that the area is still under threat from Islamic State. Fighting takes place once or twice a week at the nearby front line in Bakhufa, which means the town is still a military zone--much like ghost town of Jalawla. Relations with the NPU are cordial, Yalda says, but the Christian fighters are not allowed to go to the front-line three kilometers away. The NPF and Dwekh Nawsha can, because those two militias aren't affiliated with the Peshmerga. The Christian militias in the town prefer to guard houses for their own community, he says. Residents had padlocked and chained the doorways into their homes--a mark of distrust. Islamic State insurgents left graffiti on the walls, which Peshmerga fighters scribbled over after they retook the town on Aug. 17. Although Islamic State held the town for 10 days and demolished 16 buildings, it didn't appear that the jihadis looted the town. Since its liberation, residents accused the Peshmerga of looting homes. Yalda, the KDP representative, agrees the area should be under Christian administration. Talk of a proposed, self-administered Yazidi "canton" in the Sinjar area surfaced in January. And some Christians also want more autonomy for themselves in Nineveh, which could mean further fractures within the Kurdistan region and the disputed areas. Before Islamic State, Christians had long lived in the cracks between Kurdish and Arab Iraq. But despite future political plans, the Christians of the Nineveh plains just want somewhere safe to call home. In Telskuf, a Christian home owner glumly surveys the recent looting of his home. He blames the Peshmerga. "When there are problems between Arabs and Kurds [In Iraq], we are the biggest losers."